Excuse me
We use "excuse me" in three different meanings depending on the situation: "apology," "thanks," and "request" (call). To clarify these three kinds of meanings, let us first consider the etymology of the word "excuse me.
1) First, "sumimasen" is used to apologize. Sumimasu" means "to complete" or "to finish a task. However, the same root of "be completed” is "clear up," which means "to clear one's mind of worries and evil thoughts. Putting these two meanings together, "Sumimasen" is used in the sense of "apology" when one is unable to finish a job or keep a promise, and one feels sorry and "can't get one's mind off it.
「すみません。」
2)Second, when someone gives you something or does something for you, you are sorry for not being able to return the favor, and it becomes a deep "thank you" meaning "I can't stop feeling sorry for myself. Of course, you can use "Arigatou (gozaimasu)" when thanking someone, but many Japanese use "Sumimasen (sorry). For example, "sumimasen" is used to thank someone for picking up a lost item or offering you a seat. In this way, when someone does something for you and you feel that you have placed a disadvantage or burden on the other person because of it, you can use the word "excuse me" to thank them while apologizing. The word "excuse me" alone can be used to express gratitude. However, when the other person is not at a disadvantage or burden, such as when someone compliments you or congratulates you, "excuse me" is not used as a word of thanks. It may be difficult to distinguish between "excuse me" and "arigato (thank you)," but saying "arigato (thank you)" without using "excuse me" is not impolite.
3) Furthermore, the third meaning of "request" (call) also includes somewhat of an "apology" and a "thank you". If we think about it carefully, when we ask someone to do something, we are putting some kind of burden on them. We are aware of this unconsciously, and from this, the thoughts of "apology" and "gratitude" arise in our hearts, and we use the word "excuse me". Also, when we stop someone who is walking in front of us, if we think about it deeply, we are putting a burden on that person by interrupting their action and making them turn around to look at us. Therefore, we should say, "Excuse me (for interrupting)," and call out to them.
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